Oranges!

Introduction
Most people agree fresh orange juice is the best, but sometimes it is easier to enjoy juice from a carton. This is almost the same as fresh juice but has been made from concentrate. Concentrate is evaporated juice. You can’t drink it because it is very acidic, so water is added to it.

Process
The first step is to unloading the fruit from the truck. Then it will be grading by the people to make sure that the fruit is in good condition so that it will produce a better quality juice. After that it will be wash by the machine. After the fruit had been wash, the next process it will go to the machine for the size of the fruit. Next the fruit will go to the juice extractor and then the juice will be tested by the waste-animal. Then the juice will be evaporated with the high temperature for a short time. Next process the juice will be concentrate before it will be put in the refrigerated storage. After that it will go to the canning machine for packing the juice. Next it will go for the shipping to Dubai. Then water is added to concentrate the juice. Finally, the juice is ready for sale.

Conclusion
In summary, making a juice take a lot of process before it will be sold for the consumer in order to make the juice is safe to be drink.

How to add more memory to the computer?

In recent years, the system memory seems to lose its value faster. That’s great news, since, more memory, means more programs and files can be opened at once. A typical memory can have 512Mb or 1 GB, but now, you can be increased to 2GB or even 4GB.

The hardest part of installing new memory is figuring out what kind of memory to buy. Memory is an alphabet soup of packages, pin configuration, types, and speeds. Many current systems are supplied with DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate two synchronous dynamic random access memory) in 240-pin module DIMMs (dual in-line memory modules). Another type, DDR3 (Double Data Rate three) SDRAM, which roughly twice as fast as the standard DDR2 SDRAM, uses 260-pins DIMMs slots. All of these types of memory are available in different speeds.

To be absolutely sure about what kind of memory need, check the computer or motherboard documentation. The type of memory should be mentioned. Alternatively, opened the computer case and look at the memory chips for hints.
Once the type and amount of memory are found and needed, locate the sockets and remove the existing memory. The computer should be unplugged. Try to wear an antistatic wrist strap, and remove the case. In order to upgrade memory, the existing modules may have to remove. If the modules are held in place by plastic or metal tabs, push down on these tabs at the same time and the module should pop out. Then, try to install the new memory. Most modules (DIMMs) have two notches

How chocolate is manufactured

mohd Wardi Hj Tuah
CC2400308
Group5
Chocolate is a key ingredient in many foods, candy bars, milk shakes, cookies, flavored coffee — even cereal and medicine!. In fact, it ranks as the favorite flavor of most peoples. And yet, few of us know the unique origins of this popular treat.

The first step in manufacturing the chocolates is to harvest a cacao tree. The cacao tree must be about five years old before it begins to flower. Cacao pods ripen throughout the year, but main harvests occur twice yearly. Farmers use hand tools to harvest ripe cacao pods.

They use a machete (in malay we called it ‘parang’) to slice ripe pods from the tree and gather them into baskets. Next, farmers split open the pods with their machetes and scoop out the pulp covered cacao seeds by hands. Then they pile these seeds under banana leaves to ferment. The farmers then dried the fermented cacao seeds in the sun on rooftops, tables or large mats. Drying cacao seeds keeps them from getting moldy during shipping. Once the seeds have finished drying, the farmers scoop them into sacks. Each sacks can weighed anywhere from 130 to 200 pounds. When the seeds arrive at the factory, they were cleaned and sorted by type. Then they were sent to giant, rotating ovens where they will be roasted. The roasting process makes cacao shells rather brittle. Now it’s time to send the seeds through a machine called a winnower, which removes thin shells.

After that, the cacao nibs are ready for the mill. Heavy metal discs do the work, grinding the nibs into a thick paste that will eventually become chocolate. To make chocolate, the manufacturer blends un-pressed chocolate liquor with condensed milk, sugar and extra cacao butter. Machine shakes the liquor to mix the ingredients. Next, the thick chocolates crumb needs to be refined to make the chocolates even silkier. Giant steel rollers do the job of smoothing out the rough mixture. It won’t be long now until we have our candy bar. But first, the refined chocolate must be kneaded and churned one more time in a cinching machine. Lastly, the chocolate must be tempered to give it a glossy sheen and smoothness. Then it can be poured into a mold.

As you can see, chocolate manufacture is a difficult process. If you follow the steps described then you will be a successful chocolate manufacturer.

@eesays on how :Bread is made/Oranges oranges is extracted

Bread is eaten in most parts of the world, but not everyone knows how to bake it. I am going to show you how the steps involved in baking bread.
First, the correct amount of flour and warm water are measured. Next, the flour and water are mixed together in a mixing bowl. Yeast, salt and sugar are added. Next, the mixture is kneaded until it feels almost dry. The mixture is left for about an hour in a warm place. It will be grown in size. After this, the mixture is kneaded again. Make sure the mixture is not sticky when it is touched. Then the dough is left in a baking tin for about an hour to give it time to rise. Finally, the dough is put into a preheated oven for about forty minutes.
It can be seen that making bread is not difficult as long as the correct procedure is followed. You will love the taste and smell of your freshly-baked bread!

Essay: Orange Juice!
Most people agree fresh orange juice is the best, but sometimes it is easier to enjoy juice from a carton. This is almost the same as fresh juice but has been made from concentrate. Concentrate is evaporated juice. You can’t drink it because it is very acidic, so water is added to it. In this essay we are going to describe the processes of making orange juice concentrate and the final drink product.
First, the oranges are unloaded from a truck. Next, the oranges are graded. Then, they are put in washer in order to make them clean. They are then put in a ‘sizer’ machine. Next, the oranges are extracted in juice extractor. The extract is also given to animals in order to feed them. After that, the extract is put into the evaporator with a high temperature in a short time. The oranges are then bom concentrated and it will be stored into refrigerated storage. After all the steps of making the oranges are done, the stored concentrated oranges are finally canned.
The oranges will be imported to other countries. To make a delicious orange juice, correct amount of water is added to the concentrated. You will love the taste of the orange juice!

How bread is made

Bread is eaten in most parts of the world, but not everyone knows how to bake it. I am going to show you how the steps involved in baking bread.
Measured the correct amount of flour and warm the water first. The flour is then mixed together with water in a mixing bowl. Then the yeast, sugar and salt are added. Next, knead the mixture until it feels almost dry. The mixture is leave for about an hour in a warm place waiting to grow in size. After this, the mixture is kneaded again. Make sure the mixture is not sticky when you touch it. Then leave the dough in a baking tin for about an hour to give it time to rise. Finally, the dough is put into a preheated oven for about forty minutes.
It can be seen that making bread is not difficult as long as the correct procedure is followed. You will love the taste and smell of your freshly-baked bread!

How a photocopier works

Walk into almost any office building, you'll probably find a photocopier. For most office building right now, small or large, the photocopier has become standard equipment. It is so important right now due to the produce of copied paper almost instantly. In this essay I will explain a little bit of how the process of photocopier works.
Everything starts at its heart, a copier works because of one basic physical principle which is opposite charges attract. Inside a copier there is a special drum. The drum is charge with a form of static electricity. An intense beam of light moves across the paper that you have placed on the copier's glass surface. Light is then reflected from white areas of the paper and strikes the drum below.

Wherever a photon of light hits the surface of the paper, electrons are emitted from the photoconductive atoms in the drum and neutralize the positive charges above. Black areas on the original sheet do not reflect light onto the drum, leaving regions of positive charges on the drum's surface.

Negatively charged then attract the black pigment called toner and then spread it over the surface of the drum, and the pigment particles of the positive charges remain. A positively charged sheet of paper then passes over the surface of the drum, attracting the beads of toner away from it.

After all the process is done the paper is then heated and pressed to fuse the image formed by the toner to the paper's surface. And this is how a photocopier works.

How fish are canned.

Although putting a fresh fish in a freezer is easier to preserved fish, canning also does offer some advantages. Canned fish can be put into shelf and can save the freezer space.
It also eliminates the bone since bones are softened and become edible. I am going to describe how fish is canned.

First, the fish is sent to the cannery and it is cleaned by removing the unwanted parts. The fish is then washed thoroughly and dried. Next, the fish is soaked in salts in order to preserve it. After the cans are sealed, it is then heated and sterilized to kill bacteria to make it safe to be eaten by people. The cans are labeled and put into boxes. Finally, the boxes are stored in warehouse and ready to be delivered to any outlets.

Canned fish is easy to be carried anywhere we go. So why not try to buy canned fish.

Adding memory to your PC

One of the easiest ways to make it your computer run faster is adding or upgrading your RAM memory and it doesn't take a specialist to do it. The bigger the memory capacity of the computer, the more application can be opened at same time. Nowadays the memory is getting cheaper and more affordable.

First thing first, determine the maximum memory capacity that the motherboard can support. Then, unplug the computer and open your computer case to get slots called DIMMS. A new RAM is can be added directly to the available slots next to the current memory in the computer.

Next, the RAM should be removed by wearing antistatic wrist band. This prevents an electrostatic damage on the memory. After that aligned the RAM with the slots and make sure the retainer clips for the RAM are open. Slowly, push it down. The final stage is plug in the computer and switch on.

How Orange Juice Is Made

Orange juice is a very popular drink and is found in most general stores globally. It can be consumed at any time of the day and there are many brands and type of orange juice sold around the world. In this essay I am going to explain the general idea of how orange juice is produced.

First, the oranges are hand picked from the orange plantation and are loaded onto a truck where it is later sent to a factory to be graded for bad or damaged fruit. After the oranges are graded it is then washed and separated by size. Next the oranges are loaded onto the conveyor belt where it is later sent to the juice extractor. The waste is sold for animal feed whereas the juice is put into an evaporator where it is heated for a short period to obtain the concentrated juice. Next the concentrated juice is put into a refrigerated storage where it is later canned and loaded onto a special insulated tanker truck to be sent to the packaging plant. At the packaging plant filter water is added into the concentrated juice. Then it is put into cardboard cartons, glass or plastic jugs and finally sent to retail stores to be sold.

As you can see there are many steps involved in making orange juice and if the steps are done correctly you can be sure that your orange juice are safe and delicious to drink. But it can never beat the taste of a fresh home made orange juice made by you.

Processing orange juice

Amali EP group 1

Orange juice

Orange juice is a fruit juice obtained by squeezing, pressing or otherwise crushing the interior of an orange. It is an excellent source of vitamin C and potassium. Below I will describe the processes of making orange juice concentrate and the final drink product.

The first thing to make the orange juice is to unloading the juice from the farm. Then the orange from the farm will be graded where the rotten orange will be removed from the process. After that all the good orange will be washed by the special machine. The orange will be separated according to the size. Then the orange will be extracted and the wasted juice will be fed to the animals. Then the processes of heating the oranges are conducted in a short time. Next, concentration process is conducted before the orange juices are refrigerated in the storage. Then the orange juices are packed example using the can. The orange juice then will be exported to Dubai to be process again by adding water to the concentrate. Finally it is ready to be sold.

As I have mentioned, there are many step involved in the process. By using the step by step approach outlined above, the process would be successful.

Process: Sorting Letters
First of all, the letters are picked up by a van and taken to the nearest Mail Service Centre where they are sorted into bunches of letters and parcels going to different areas. Then the letters and parcels are sent to each area, some by truck and some first by plane and then by truck. Then it was taken to the sorting office and the letters separated from the packets.
In the next stage, the sorting of the letters takes place, according to the county they are addressed to. This is done by placing them in the appropriate pigeon hole. Subsequently, the letters are taken from the pigeon holes and placed in baskets, which are then put onto a conveyor belt. While on this conveyor belt, the baskets are directed to the appropriate secondary sorting section by means of coding pegs. At the secondary sorting frames, the letters are put into towns in the county.
Later, the letters are tied in bundles and a label is put on showing the towns they are addressed to. Finally, the letter bundles are placed in bags, which have the Post Office seal, Post Office Railway number and Destination Code number on them, and then these are sent to the railway station.

Orange juice

First of all, the oranges were picking from farm. It was then brought to the factory by truck. After that the good grade orange were choose. Next the oranges were washed and after that it was sized. The oranges were then extracted using juice extractor. The waste of the oranges was feed to animals. Next the orange juiced was evaporated on high temperature for a short time. Then the juiced were concentrated in a vessel. After that it was stored in refrigerator. Then it was canned before it was shipping. To drink the juiced , just add water to it.

How chocolate is made?

Chocolate is one of the most delicious foods and it is well-known in most countries around the world. Below I will describe the process of how chocolate is made.
First on the plantation, 40-60 white seeds of each pod are taken from the tropical trees. When pods are split open, the seeds are left to ferment for about a week. After fermenting, the seeds are left to dry on mats and packed in sacks. At the factory, the seeds are sorting and grading. Then they are roasting to bring out the flavor and then the roasted beans are winnowing to remove the meat of the cocoa bean from its shell. After that, the beans are grinding. At the factory, the beans are then mixing, couching, tempering and finally molding.
Overall, the chocolate is simply outstanding in term of its taste even though it is complicated on how it is made.

Nursyiyan

EP243208

Group 1

Bread is eaten in most parts of the world, but not everyone knows how to bake it. I am going to show you how the steps involved in baking bread.
First, the correct amount of flour and warm water are measured. Next, the flour and water are mixed together in a mixing bowl. Yeast, salt and sugar are added. Next, the mixture is kneaded until it feels almost dry. The mixture is left for about an hour in a warm place. It will grow in sized. After this, the mixture is kneaded again. Made sure the mixture is not sticky when you touched it. Then the dough is left in a baking tin for about an hour to give it time to rise. Finally, the dough is put into a preheated oven for about forty minutes.
It can be seen that making bread is not difficult as long as the correct procedure is followed. You will love the taste and smell of your freshly-baked bread.

Getting a driver's license

To have a driving license, the minimum age is 18 years old. The main requirement is to have a driving license are the age, good visual and hearing. It’s not very difficult, but you must follow the right steps, which will be explain in this essay.
The first thing to do is to register with a good driving school. They will require two photographs and you will have to complete a form. A minimum amount of deposit will be needed. The number of lessons will depend on certain period depending on the individuals. The driving school will apply to the traffic police for your tests. Theory class must be attended. After that, short test will be examined at the government department. If the theory is passed the next challenge is parking and reversing skills. Finally, a supervisor will conduct a short drive whether the candidate manage to pass and have a driving license.
If you are successful, the examiner will tell you immediately the marks which was recorded during the test, and you will fill out one or two more forms before getting your licensed.

Fish Canning
Fresh fish has a very short shelf life, but canning it allows us to eat fish at any time of the year and in any temperature. How does this process of canning work, and what are the steps involved? I will now describe how fish is canned.
After the fish is sent to the cannery, it is cleaned carefully and some parts are removed. The fish is washed thoroughly, and then drained. The next stage is soaking in salt. This helps to preserve the fish. Next, the fish is put into cans which are then sealed with lids. The cans of fish are then heated in large pressure cookers. This kills the bacteria and ensures that the fish remains safe to eat. After the tins cool, labels are added and the cans are put into boxes. Finally, the boxes are stored in a warehouse, ready for delivery to wholesalers and retail outlets.
Canning fish enables people everywhere to enjoy healthy great-tasting food. Why not try some tuna or salmon in a sandwich today!

DK Halawati

EP 2403108

Group 1

We used cups everyday. Cups have been used in all over the world. Everyone knows ‘what a cup is and what it is for’ but few people know how to make a cup. I will now show you the steps involved in making cups.
First, the dry clay powder is placed in a container and water is added to it. The water and powder are mixed together and any excess water is removed. Then the mixture is shaped into flat shapes.
Next, the shapes are pressed into cup moulds, and handles are added. Then the moulds are put in a kiln and they are dried. After drying, the rough edges are smoothed off before the cups are baked in a kiln. Before the cups are baked in a kiln, it is very important to make sure that the kiln is at the correct temperature. This is to avoid from melting. Finally, the cups are decorated. Another important step before sending the cups to shop, it is important to check the cups if there is any damages. Any imperfect cup is rejected. The good cups are packed and sent to retail outlets.

Cups are very important to us, but how many of us know the steps process in making the product!

ORANGE JUICE

Most people agree fresh orange juice is the best, but sometimes it is easier to enjoy juice from a carton. This is almost the same as fresh juice but has been made from concentrate. Concentrate is evaporated juice. You can’t drink it because it is very acidic, so water is added to it. In this essay we are going to describe the processes of making orange juice concentrate and the final drink product

Firstly, the oranges are unloaded from the truck. After that the oranges are being graded. Next the oranges are sent to the washer to be clean out. Then put the oranges to the sizer. After that the oranges being extract by using the juice extractor. Some waste of the extract is given to the animal. Then some of extract put into the evaporator on high temperature at short time. Then the evaporate juice become concentrate. Next the concentrate is put into refrigerated storage. After all the process are done the concentrate juice being canned.

The oranges are export to other countries. To make an orange juice just simply add water to the concentrate juice. Drink the juice and it will taste great.

Getting a Driver's Licence

Noor Mahdini Hj Mohd Suhaini
EP2402908
Group 1
It’s very important nowadays to be able to drive a car, so most people try hard to get a licence as soon as they can. It’s not very difficult, but you must follow the right steps, which I will explain in this essay.
The first thing to do is to register with a good driving school. They will require two photographs and you will have to complete a form. After that you sign up for lessons. The number of lessons will depend on your experience driving. The driving school will apply to the traffic police for your tests. First you will sit a theory test. After that, you will come back for a short test which will examine your parking and reversing skills. Finally, there is another test in which you drive the car a short distance. If you are successful, the examiner will tell you immediately, and you will fill out one or two more forms before getting your licence.
The hard part is preparing for the test. I advise you to get plenty of practice and to choose a good driving school. If you follow these steps, I hope you will succeed on your first try!

HOW SAMURAI BLADE WAS MADE

Samurai sword was invented in the 16^th century and was originally made in Kyoto, Japan by a very skilled and experienced Japanese blacksmith named Uchiha Nazaki. It was originally thicker and heavier compared to the modern samurai. It was a very deadly weapon that the extremely sharp blade can easily chop a human body into puzzle pieces. This sword had been used by ancient Japanese warriors and was even used in the World War II.

The samurai is first made by sandwiching together a chunk of high-carbon steel with a chunk of slightly softer high-carbon steel. The steel pieces are then hammered together and folded over onto each other continuously until only one slab of steel emerges.

This steel is then heated in a constant hot temperature, pounded,

then heated again, and pounded again until the steel becomes long and thin. The interesting part about this repetitive process is that the bonding of hard thousands and creates a laminated sandwich effect of thousands and sometimes millions of layers. This strengthens the blade while keeping it soft enough so that it won’t break on impact. If the sword is too hard, the sword becomes brittle and can break when clashing with other swords. If the sword is too soft, the sword will not hold a sharp edge for very long. It will dull rapidly, and that could mean death on the battlefield. The balance has to be just right.

Once the desired shape was made after this repetitive process, the blacksmith covers the back dull edge of the blade with clay while leaving the cutting edge exposed. The coated blade is then heated up for a short period of time and is then instantly cooled in water. Then the clay is peeled off, and what remains is an edge that is hard enough to hold a sharp edge but also soft enough to resist direct impact.

The bare blade is then sharpened on a wet stone by hand (it is forbidden to sharpen a samurai sword on grind wheels) and is cleaned with water or sometimes chrysanthemum oil.

That was a detailed process and steps on how samurai blade was made. The samurai blade is extremely sharp and must be handled carefully.

How flowering plants reproduce

Topic : How flowering plants reproduce

In this essay, I will describe about how flowering plants reproduce. A flower contains the STAMEN which is the male reproductive organ and the CARPEL which is the female reproductive organ.

In the first stage of the reproductive is the process of pollination. Two ways that flowers are pollinated are by insects and by the wind. The insects like the bright petals and the sweet smell of the flowers. They land on the flowers to drink a liquid called nectar. When bees touch the stamen, pollen sticks to the bees. When the bees move around the flower, pollen is transferred to the pistil.

After that, the fertilization processes occurs. When a grain of pollen lands on the stigma it begins to send out a tube. This tube then grows down through the style to the ovary. When it reaches an ovule, it releases male cells from the pollen grains. A male cell unites with a female cell in the ovule. The fertilized ovule is a seed. As the seed grows, other parts of the flower change. The corolla withers and dies.

When seeds settle, have enough water, and have enough space to grow, they start to germinate. Once the seedling starts to grow out of the seed, it also grows roots. It then is a young plant, and continues to grow. But some of the ovary swells and changes into a fruit.

As you can see the reproductive system in plants can be done when the pollination and fertilization processes is success.  

How to make a puppet?

How to make a puppet?

     One of the most common puppets is the sock puppet. This kind of puppet is cheap and easy to make. Different kind of features can be added to make endless array puppets.

      First the mouth pattern is printed out and the shape from the cardboard to be cut. The mouth piece is then folded into half. Then, the folded mouthpiece is inserted into the sock so that the curved ends are facing the toe end of the sock. The hand is placed at the toe end to make it comfortable. The sock is marked with the chalk ½” beyond the end of the mouthpiece. Then cut where the marked is located. After that, hand can be removed to flatten out the sock. The extra sock material is to be cut away around the rounded part of the cardboard mouthpiece ½” from the edge. The toe end of the sock and the cardboard mouthpiece is folded open. The mouthpiece should be lying on top of the sock with the top toe end of the sock folded up. A drop of hot melt glue is placed in the centre of the lower edge of the mouthpiece. The edge of the sock material is pulled over the edge of the cardboard piece and pressed in place with care. Next, another dot of glue is placed on the top edge of the mouthpiece. The edge of the sock is pulled over the mouthpiece and is pressed down. Then, glue is placed all the way around the edge of the mouthpiece for several minutes. After that, another mouthpiece is to be cut from pink or red felt for the mouth. The cardboard mouthpiece is to be cut to fit over; its edge is covered and glues it down. A tongue piece is to be cut and glue inside the mouth. Finally, other features stuff can be added to the sock puppet with the scrap material to make puppet firm.

As you can see, to make sock puppet is an easy process. Just follow the steps and you can make a proper puppet.

 

Name: Noraisah binti Abdul Fatra

            EP/24/034/08

 

How a telephone works

A telephone is telecommunications device that is used to transmit and receive sound, usually two people conversing but occasionally three or more people. It is one of the most common household appliances in the world today. Most telephones operate through transmission of electric signals over a complex telephone network which allows almost any phone user to communicate with almost anyone. In this essay I will show you a process how a telephone works.

First of all, when a person speaks into a telephone, the sound waves created by his voice enter the mouthpiece. An electric current carries the sound to the telephone of the person he or she is talking to. A telephone has two main parts that is the transmitter and the receiver. After that, the transmitter of a telephone serves as a sensitive “electric ear” which lies behind the mouthpiece of the phone. Like the human ear, the transmitter has a 14 eardrum. The eardrum of the telephone is a thin, round metal disk called a diaphragm. So when a person talks into the telephone, the sound waves strike the diaphragm and make it vibrate. The diaphragm vibrates at various speeds, depending on the variations in air pressure caused by the varying tones of the speaker's voice.

Then, behind the diaphragm lay a small cup filled with tiny grains of carbon. The diaphragm presses against these carbon grains. The low voltage electric current travels through the grains where the pressure on the carbon grains varies as sound waves make the diaphragm to vibrate. A loud sound causes the sound waves to push hard on the diaphragm. Hence, the diaphragm presses the grains tightly together so that it easier for the electric current to travel through and a large amount of electricity flows through the grains.

After that, when the sound is soft, it pushes lightly on the diaphragm. Therefore, the diaphragm puts only a light pressure on the carbon grains. The grains are pressed together loosely. This makes it harder for the electric current to pass through them, and less current flows through the grains. The pattern of the sound waves determines the pressure on the diaphragm. This pressure regulates the pressure on the carbon grains. The crowded or loose grains cause the electric current to become stronger or weaker. The current copies the pattern of the sound waves and travels over a telephone wire to the receiver of another telephone.

Next, the vocal cords of the receiver are a diaphragm. Two magnets located at the edge of the diaphragm cause it to vibrate. One of the magnets is a permanent magnet that constantly holds the diaphragm close to it. The other magnet is an electromagnet. It consists of a piece of iron with a coil of wire wound around it. When an electric current passes through the coil, the iron core becomes magnetized so that the diaphragm is pulled toward the iron core and away from the permanent magnet. The pull of the electromagnet varies between strong and weak, depending on the variations in the current. Thus, the electromagnet controls the vibrations of the diaphragm in the receiver.

More than that, the electric current passing through the electromagnet becomes stronger or weaker according to the loud or soft sounds. This action causes the diaphragm to vibrate according to the speaker's speech pattern. As the diaphragm moves in and out, it pulls and pushes the air in front of it. The pressure on the air sets up sound waves that are the same as the ones sent into the transmitter. The sound waves strike the ear of the listener and he or she hears the words of the speaker.

As I have described, you will know how a telephone works in communication system between one people to another people whether the distance is far or near.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How to make a puppet

How to make a puppet?

     One of the most common puppets is the sock puppet. This kind of puppet is cheap and easy to make. Different kind of features can be added to make endless array puppets.

      First the mouth pattern is printed out and the shape from the cardboard to be cut. The mouth piece is then folded into half. Then, the folded mouthpiece is inserted into the sock so that the curved ends are facing the toe end of the sock. The hand is placed at the toe end to make it comfortable. The sock is marked with the chalk ½” beyond the end of the mouthpiece. Then cut where the marked is located. After that, hand can be removed to flatten out the sock. The extra sock material is to be cut away around the rounded part of the cardboard mouthpiece ½” from the edge. The toe end of the sock and the cardboard mouthpiece is folded open. The mouthpiece should be lying on top of the sock with the top toe end of the sock folded up. A drop of hot melt glue is placed in the centre of the lower edge of the mouthpiece. The edge of the sock material is pulled over the edge of the cardboard piece and pressed in place with care. Next, another dot of glue is placed on the top edge of the mouthpiece. The edge of the sock is pulled over the mouthpiece and is pressed down. Then, glue is placed all the way around the edge of the mouthpiece for several minutes. After that, another mouthpiece is to be cut from pink or red felt for the mouth. The cardboard mouthpiece is to be cut to fit over; its edge is covered and glues it down. A tongue piece is to be cut and glue inside the mouth. Finally, other features stuff can be added to the sock puppet with the scrap material to make puppet firm.

As you can see, to make sock puppet is an easy process. Just follow the steps and you can make a proper puppet.

 

Name: Noraisah binti Abdul Fatra

            EP/24/034/08

 

How to make Icecream

Ice cream

In this essay, I will describe different method of how ice cream is made by some of ice cream factory.

First the ingredients are weighed out and mixed together. The mix is pasteurised. This means it is heated to a high temperature to kill off any harmful bacteria. Then the mix is also homogenized which is breaking down the fat globules in the milk or cream to make them smaller. So that the ice-cream will be smoother, will whip better and won't melt as easily. Next the mix is left for at least four hours, usually overnight, to let the fat cool and form into crystals. Any flavours, fruit purees, or colours are added at this point. After that the mix is then pumped through a special barrel freezer which freezes some of the water in the ice-cream and whips air into it at the same time. Up to half the volume of ice-cream is air. Without it, the ice-cream would be like a frozen ice cube. Then at this point, any fruits, nuts, sweets or biscuit bits are added to the semi-frozen mixture. Finally the ice cream is packaged and put into a blast freezer at -30° to -40°C where more of the water in the ice-cream is frozen to make it harder.

As I have described, ice cream can be made by us at home by using the step by step explained above. Even though the ice cream we made not delicious as the one that sold by factory but at least we created it by our own.

How to practice Yoga at home?

Made by

Muhammad Fatthul Hamzi bin Hj Jaman

Group 2

EP/24/024/08

 

How to practice Yoga at home?

 

The word Yoga comes from the Sanskrit word "Yuj" meaning to yoke, join or unite. This implies joining or integrating all aspects of the individual - body with mind and mind with soul - to achieve a happy, balanced and useful life, and spiritually, uniting the individual with the supreme.

 

The first is you need to buy a few DVDs or yoga flash cards to provide you with an organized routine. You may want more than one video to keep your home practice fresh each session. Then, find a suitable place to practice yoga in your home. You will need a quiet, open space to spread your mat. You should try to practice on hardwood floors, but if your house is carpeted, then you should the hardest surface available. The softer the surface, the more likely you are to injure your joints.

 

Next, pick a time to practice yoga when no one else is home, or at least at a time when you will not be bothered. Finding the time for yoga seems to be the biggest challenge and a main reason people choose to practice at home. Just be sure that you choose a time when you will not be distracted. After that, set up your yoga space. You may want to light candles or dim the lighting to set the mood. Lay out your yoga mat and assemble any props you will use during the session.

 

Lastly, keep a bottle or glass of water near your yoga mat, along with a towel. A towel can used to wipe off any sweat, as well as to soften the mat during certain positions. Follow a regular yoga routine. Most yoga classes start out with stretching before moving to positions requiring more strength. Each position is also followed by an opposite pose in order to keep the body in balance. Your home practice should follow the same basic pattern.

 

Make a commitment to your home practice by making it part of your daily routine. Try to set up a regular schedule for your yoga practice. If you are doing one long session a week, you can supplement it with 15 minutes of yoga every day.

How to set a setting for satellite system

How to set a setting for satellite system

 

In this essay, I will explain how to install a satellite system and how it works. To install a satellite system we need a satellite dish, a receiver, a monitor and at least a satellite finder device. In installation of a satellite dish, ones must know the amplitude and latitude of the surrounding. Each program in the satellite system has its own setting (setting of the amplitude and latitude of the broadcasting satellite were placed out in the space) and sometimes this setting may change. All the updated setting for the satellite program we can obtain it in the Internet.

For the installation, the first thing we need to do is to find a suitable spot where we can mount the satellite dish. The spot must be clear from anything, in other words there should not have any obstacles between the paths of the LNB of the satellite from the earth direct to the satellite of the outer space. The LNB is a device that receives a signal from the satellite. For Brunei Darussalam, most satellite dishes are pointed to the IndoSAT Satellite. Therefore, the LNB were 0 degree face to the south and the angle is 45 degree from the ground. After mounted the dish at a suitable spot, the next thing to do is to set the programs setting in the receiver according to the updated list of setting gain from the Internet. Then, use the “F” connector to connect the LNB with the receiver. When all the settings are done, next thing to do is to find the signal of the satellite. For this purpose, we can make a manual searching by moving around the dish until we can see an image inside the monitor or we can use a satellite finder device. In this matter, a satellite finder is much appropriate.

To use the satellite finder device, the device has one input, which is the signal from the LNB and one output which the signal to the receiver. There are frequency bar on the device range from zero to ten. To find the satellite signal, we must set the bar at least at “Five” thus this will increase the dB bar and it will produce a beeping sound. From there we start to find the satellite signal by playing around with the dishes pointing it any direction, but the LNB must still faces the south. When there is a signal, the range of frequency will increase. At this point, we set back the frequency to “Five” but the dB bar is decrease. Then continue again to find the signal until the frequency bar reach its maximum with the dB bar is nearly turn “zero”. When this is happens, it means that, the satellite dish have receive a full signal and the receiver now can enjoy the satellite program. Finally, the dish can be adjust and mount steadily so that the signal remains full.

As you can see, a satellite installation and searching for satellite signal is not an easy job to do. Although it look likes the task is very simple – connect and search, you must have patience. If you don’t have patience in finding the satellite signal, you may end up angry and hitting the dish which led it to lose its centre of gravity – important thing to spot the signal from outer space satellite.

How to make a cup

How to make a cup

 

All human being in the world used cup to drink, but everyone doesn’t want to know how to make it. Cups are made from clay.  I am going to show you how the steps involved in making cup.

Firstly, dry clay is placed in a container and water is added to it. Then the water and dry clay are mixed and stirred together. After that, excess water is removed. The mixture of water and dry clay are then shaped into a flat shapes likes cakes. Next, the wet clay is pressed into cup moulds. After that, a handle is made to the body of the cup. Then it is dried in kiln. Next, the rough edges were smoothed off and it is then decorated. After that, imperfect cups are checked. Finally good cups are packed and dispatched to the shops.

Although people know how to make a cup, they choose to buy it rather than making it themselves. Some people makes cup just to fill their free time as their hobby.

 Done by: mohammed hisham shah

Group 2     

 

How to polish car paint

How to polish car paint

Polishing a car can be a lot of work, but the gleaming results will be well worth it. Polishes come in liquids, pastes and "systems" of two or more products to be used consecutively. Here's what to use and what the procedures is.

Here are the procedures how to polish car paint in right way. Firstly, wash the car out of direct sunlight. Before applying the liquid, read the car polish label carefully. Some products will stain plastic trim; others must be applied within a certain temperature range. Work on one section at a time. Apply a 1-inch circle of polish to a dampened, clean, 100 percent cotton terry cloth towel. Rub the polish onto the car body in a circular motion. Let the polish dry to a haze. Use a different towel of the same type (dry this time) to buff the polish. Move to the next section of the car.

Polishing car paint can maintain the shininess of the car and protect the paint for blur. Just by polishing your car, it looks like you are having a brand new one.

Name: Mohd Zaki Asymawi Bin Mohamad

Group:2

Roll no: EP/24/014/08

Development of computers

Development of computers

 

Firstly, A computer is an electronic device/machine that receives, stores manipulates communicates information and can be programmed to perform specific tasks repeatedly.

Secondly, A typical block diagram shows Input, Output, C.P.U and Memory. Whereas, example of input are keyboard, mouse cursors. Outputs are monitor display, printer, speaker. Memory are data that can be replaced and can be taken out and either stored in. and lastly C.P.U stands for central processing unit. Some people say that it acts as the brain of a computer system, well its actually is the, centre core or should I say the heart beat of the computer.

 

Lastly, computer enhancements from time to time are improved, from desktops to notebooks/laptop. The price/performance decreases with time where as before it cost about $4000-$5000,Now it only cost for $900-$2000.This is due to the rate of increase in integration circuit from very large scale circuit component to very small circuit components.  

How telephone works

Done by:                                                                                                 Date:

Mohd KhairulAnwar bin Hj Abdullah                                                       27/11/2008

(EP/24/044/08)

Group 2

 

Topic: How a telephone works               

 

   In this essay, I will describe how a telephone works. When a person speaks into a telephone, the sound waves created by his voice enter the mouthpiece. An electric current carries the sound to the telephone of the person he is talking to.

   A telephone has two main parts which is the transmitter and the receiver. The transmitter of a telephone serves as a sensitive electric ear. It lies behind the mouthpiece of the phone. Like the human ear, the transmitter has an eardrum called as diaphragm. When a person talks into the telephone, the sound waves strike the diaphragm making it to vibrate. The receiver serves as an electric mouth. Like a human voice, it has vocal cords. As the diaphragm moves in and out, it pulls and pushes the air in front of it. The pressure on the air sets up sound waves which strike the ear of the listener and he hears the words of the speaker.

   As you can see, a transmitter and a receiver are the main parts in making the telephone works. The vibration of diaphragm produces sound waves making it clear to hear.

 

                                                                                                   

How Does Tornado Form?

In this Essay, I am going to write how does a tornado form? There is still much we don't know about tornadoes, but this gives you a good idea of how they might form under these conditions. Warm moist air shoots upward meeting colder, dryer air.  Warm moist air is lighter than the cold dry air making for a strong updraft within the thunderstorm. As the warm moist air rises, it may meet varying wind directions at different altitudes.

If these varying winds are staggered in just the right manner with sufficient speed, they will act on the upward rising air, spinning it like a top.   This would be similar  to spinning a pencil held between your hands with your palms facing each other, moving your hands in opposite directions. The storm will begin to show visible rotation, often forming a wall cloud. Inside the storm these spinning winds can begin the formation of a tornado. On the outside of the thunderstorm rotation might be visible. Only about 30 percent of mesocyclones actually produce a tornado, but about 95 percent produce severe weather.  Most of our information about the inside of a tornado-generating thunderstorm comes from data gathered by Doppler radar.  The illustration below be an example of how a tornado would typically form in this type of thunderstorm.

In a severe thunderstorm the down drafts and updrafts actually feed each other giving the storm a life of its own.  Whereas an ordinary thunderstorm might only last 30 minutes to an hour a severe thunderstorm self generates its life so that it may last several hours or more. Severe storms produce downdrafts that can get very strong causing a microburst. These can be as damaging as an f1 tornado, toppling mobile homes, knocking down trees and damaging buildings 

How a car engine works

How A Car Engine Works?

 

Car is one of the most fascinating devices that a person can own. Cars are also one of the most pervasive devices. A car contains dozens of different technologies.

 

For the engine parts, the core of the engine is the cylinder, with the piston moving up and down inside the cylinder. Most cars have more than one cylinder. Spark plug, piston, piston rings, connecting rod, crankshaft are some of the key engine parts. The purpose of a gasoline car engine is to convert gasoline into motion so that your car can move. The motion that comes out of an internal combustion engine is rotational, while the motion produced by potato cannon is linear (straight line). In an engine the linear motion of the pistons is converted into rotational motion by the crankshaft.

 

Therefore, a car engine is an internal combustion engine. Currently the easiest way to create motion from gasoline is to burn the gasoline inside an engine.

Name : Md Zulfadhli Hadi Bin Hj Mohamad @ Hj Zaini

Group 2

EP/24/023/08

How a telephone work

How a telephone works

 

                     In this essay I would explain how a person can talk to the phone and another person can hear him\her talking. When a person speaks into a telephone, the sound waves created by his voice enter the mouthpiece. An electric current carries the sound to the telephone of the person he is talking to. A telephone has two main parts, the transmitter and the receiver.

 

Firstly about the transmitter, a transmitter of a telephone is like a sensitive electric ear. It placed behind the mouthpiece of the phone. The transmitter has the 14 eardrum like human ears. The eardrum of the telephone is a thin, round metal disk called a diaphragm. When a person talks into the telephone, the sound waves hit the diaphragm and make it vibrate. The diaphragm vibrates at any speeds, depending on the variations in air pressure caused by the unstable tones of the speaker's voice.

                     Behind the diaphragm lies a small cup filled with tiny grains of carbon. The diaphragm presses against these carbon grains. Low voltage electric current travels through the grains. This current comes from batteries at the telephone company. The pressure on the carbon grains varies as sound waves make the diaphragm vibrate. A loud sound causes the sound waves to push hard on the diaphragm. In turn, the diaphragm presses the grains tightly together. This action makes it easier for the electric current to travel through, and a large amount of electricity flows through the grains. When the sound is soft, the sound waves push lightly on the diaphragm. In turn, the diaphragm puts only a light pressure on the carbon grains. The grains are pressed together loosely. This makes it harder for the electric current to pass through them, and less current flows through the grains.

                     Thus, the pattern of the sound waves determines the pressure on the diaphragm. This pressure, in turn, regulates the pressure on the carbon grains. The crowded or loose grains cause the electric current to become stronger or weaker. The current copies the pattern of the sound waves and travels over a telephone wire to the receiver of another telephone.

                     The Receiver serves as an electric mouth. Like a human voice, it has vocal cords. The vocal cords of the receiver are a diaphragm. Two magnets positioned at the edge of the diaphragm cause it to vibrate. One of the magnets is a permanent magnet that always holds the diaphragm close to it. The other magnet is an electromagnet. It consists of a piece of iron with a coil of wire wound around it. When an electric current passes through the coil, the iron core becomes magnetized. The diaphragm is pulled toward the iron core and away from the permanent magnet. The pull of the electromagnet varies between strong and weak, depending on the variations in the current. Thus, the electromagnet controls the vibrations of the diaphragm in the receiver.

                     As the diaphragm moves in and out, it pulls and pushes the air in front of it. The pressure on the air sets up sound waves that are the same as the ones sent into the transmitter. The sound waves hit the ear of the listener and he hears the words of the speaker.

Mazniza binti Haji Brahim

How to make a puppet

 

Topic : How to make a puppet

In this essay report writing, I will describe how to make a puppet. There are various types of puppets; namely; hand puppet, Shadow Puppet Theater, sock puppet, marionettes and many more. Specifically, the puppet that I m describing is the Shadow puppet. The materials and equipments used to make the shadow puppet theater are; A fairly strong large cardboard box, A dowel rod as long as the box, Masking tape, A piece of grease proof paper (as big as the largest side of the box), Black sugar paper, Sellotape, Craft knife and Scissors.

The first stage is to make the shadow puppet theater by cutting off the top and one side of the box. Make sure the box is freely enough to support the puppets in the theater. 2. From centre section cut a hole for the screen. Leave at least a 10cm – 15 cm border on each edge. So that It makes a rectangle shape screen. This will require the use of craft knife under supervision. Cut a screen from a single sheet of tracing paper, muslin, or strong white translucent paper, which will overlap the hole by 5cm on each edge. Fasten the screen over the inside of the hole using masking tape. Make sure the screen is taught and does not sag. This will help the screen from losing when the theater is in process. Then Attach the dowel rod to the inside top of the front section to strengthen the theatre. Use masking tape or sellotape. Or make the rod to have a rectangle shape surrounding the box itself to provide better support for the box.

Next is the method of making the shadow puppets (which is the puppet character). The materials and equipments used in this experiment are Drawing paper, Tracing paper, 'poster board' card (any colors depending on individual), Dowel, Paper fasteners ('rivet type'), Adhesive Velcro. . Design the puppet first on paper. Remember it will be viewed from the side. It must be the right size to fit the theatre. Make sure the parts which are to be jointed overlap. Then Transfer the design onto tracing paper. Transfer the design from the tracing paper to the card. Carefully cut out the parts of the puppet with scissors. To make the joints make a small hole in each piece of card and join with a paper fastener. For control from behind: use two pieces of dowel (30 - 45cm in length), one attached to upper body, the other to the hand or elbow. This can be attached to the puppet with Velcro. This will allow the rods to be transferred easily between puppets. You will need to practice who should control which puppets and which side of the theatre they will work them from to avoid confusion when performing.

From the instructions and procedures above, It will help to make puppet much easier and self-decorate.

 

Done by: Magson Anak Manggau (EP/24/039/08)

GROUP two

Process: How to make an incandescent light bulb

How to make an incandescent light bulb

In this essay I will describe how an incandescent light bulb is made. All incandescent light bulbs have the three basic parts, the filament, the bulb and the base.

Bulb

Filament

Base

The filament is manufactured through a process known as drawing, in which tungsten is mixed with a binder material and pulled through a die into a fine wire. Next, the wire is wound around a metal bar called a mandrel in order to mold it into its proper coiled shape, and then it is heated in a process known as annealing. The coiled filament is attached to the lead-in wires. The lead-in wires have hooks at their ends which are either pressed over the end of the filament or, in larger bulbs, spot-welded.

The glass bulbs or casings are produced using a ribbon machine. The glass bulbs are blown by a ribbon machine. The base of the bulb is also constructed using molds. It is made with indentations in the shape of a screw so that it can easily fit into the socket of a light fixture. After the filament and stem assembly are inserted into the bulb, the air inside the bulb is evacuated and an argon/nitrogen mixture is pumped in. Finally, the base is sealed on.

As I have described, there three main parts of an incandescent light bulb. Each part are made separately and then assembled. Virtually the entire light bulb manufacturing process is automated.

By:

A. Darul Radzuan Hj Othman. (Group 2)